Lesson 2 Title: Mastering Advanced Syntax and Sentence Structures
Subtitle: Lesson 2
Presented by: Fatima
Contact Information: blackboarder1@gmail.com

Introduction to Advanced Syntax

Today, we’ll dive deep into advanced syntax and sentence structures that are essential for achieving fluency at the C2 level.

We’ll explore complex sentence forms, including inversion, cleft sentences, and ways to emphasize certain elements in your writing and speech.

Complex sentences allow you to express detailed and nuanced ideas by combining independent and dependent clauses.

These sentences often include subordinating conjunctions like:
◦ although
◦ because
◦ since
which link clauses together in a meaningful way.

Example:

1. Although it was raining, we decided to go for a hike.
2. She studied hard because she wanted to pass the exam.

Notice how the subordinate clauses
◦ Although it was raining
◦ because she wanted to pass the exam
provide context and reasons for the actions in the main clauses.

Inversion is a technique where the usual order of words in a sentence is reversed, typically to add emphasis or create a formal tone.

This structure is common in both written and spoken English, particularly in more formal contexts.

Example

Standard:
Never before have I seen such a magnificent performance.

Inversion:
I have never before seen such a magnificent performance.

By placing the negative word 'never' at the beginning, the sentence emphasizes the speaker's amazement more strongly.

Exercise
Rewrite the following sentence using inversion:

She had never been so embarrassed in her life.

Cleft sentences are another powerful tool for emphasizing a particular part of a sentence.

They often begin with 'It is/was' or 'What,' followed by the element you want to highlight.

Example

Standard:
John won the award.

Cleft:
It was John who won the award.

This structure highlights John as the focus of the sentence, making the statement more emphatic.

Exercise:
Transform the following sentence into a cleft sentence:

The teacher gave the students extra homework.

Emphasizing Key Information

Sometimes, the way you structure a sentence can naturally draw attention to the most important information.

Consider how you can rearrange words or clauses to highlight what’s crucial in your message.

Example:

1. All of the reports were reviewed by the committee.
2. It was the committee that reviewed all of the reports.

By changing the structure, the focus shifts to 'the committee,' emphasizing their role in the process.

Complete the following exercises to reinforce your understanding of complex sentences, inversion, cleft sentences, and emphasis.

1. Complex Sentences
Combine the following ideas into a single complex sentence:

The project was delayed.
The team encountered unexpected challenges.

2. Inversion
Rewrite this sentence using inversion:

They had never seen such a beautiful landscape before.

3. Cleft Sentences
Transform this sentence into a cleft sentence:

Maria baked the cake for the party.

4. Cleft Sentences
Emphasize the key information by restructuring this sentence:

The CEO announced the new policy during the meeting.

Great work today! You’ve just taken an important step towards mastering advanced English syntax.

In the next class, we’ll explore advanced vocabulary and how to use it with precision and nuance.

See you next time!